Summary

• Description:

  The PDF document comprises KALA Joint Trials Biology Paper 1 2025 Mock Exam with Marking Scheme.

  It is a KCSE Biology Paper 1 (231/1) pretrial examination (July 2025).

  • Duration: 2 Hours
  • Number of Questions: 22 (Questions 1–22)
  • Marking Scheme: The marking scheme is in a different document.

  It covers the following topics:

  • Microscopy and cell studies (focusing under high power; electron microscope specimens)
  • Magnification calculations using photomicrographs
  • Seed germination structure and cell differences in growth zones
  • Enzymes and digestion of starch (action of amylase and products)
  • Plant transport tissues (xylem conducting elements and cell wall composition)
  • Evolution and natural selection (advantages; distribution of marsupials)
  • Respiration pathways (conversion of sugar to pyruvic acid and products in plants/animals)
  • Diffusion and osmosis (interpretation of set-ups and concepts)
  • Human blood groups, antibodies, and blood disorders affecting platelets
  • Ecology (energy flow methods; effects of sewage discharge on river ecosystems)
  • Mammalian skeleton (bone articulation, parts, and adaptations)
  • Biological classification and significance of microorganisms in medicine
  • Suggestive organ-function equation in mammals and homeostatic roles
  • Gaseous exchange surfaces in different organisms
  • Genetics (test crosses, dominance conclusions, and genotype determination methods)
  • Coordination and response (swallowing vs breathing; myelin sheath functions; reflex arc order)
  • Reproduction in flowering plants (pollen nuclei; double fertilization)
  • Human reproduction hormones (pituitary role in menstrual cycle; role of relaxin)
  • Leaf anatomy (transverse section interpretation, habitat adaptation, and photosynthesis significance)
  • Characteristics of living things vs non-living things and respiration vs gaseous exchange
• Category:

  Mock Past Papers
• Level:

  Form 4
• Subject:

  BIOLOGY

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