Summary

• Description:

  The PDF document comprises Form 2 Physics notes on the topic of Fluid Flow.

  The topics and sub-topics covered in the document include:

  • Introduction to Fluid Flow
    • In physics, the term fluid refers to liquids and gases.
    • To study fluid flow, certain assumptions are made, such as considering fluids to be incompressible and having little to no internal friction or viscosity.
  • Streamline and Turbulent Flow
    • A streamline is defined as a curve whose tangent at any point indicates the direction of the fluid's velocity.
    • Streamline flow occurs when all elements of a fluid passing a point follow the same path, which is typically achieved at low speeds.
    • Turbulent flow is characterized by whirls and eddies and generally occurs at high speeds or around sharp bends.
  • Equation of Continuity
    • This equation describes fluid flow through a pipe with varying cross-sectional areas.
    • It states that the product of the cross-sectional area (A) and the fluid velocity (v) is constant (Av = constant).
    • This means that the speed of the fluid increases when the tube narrows.
    • The quantity (Av) is referred to as the volume efflux, which is the volume of fluid flowing per second.
    • A worked example is provided to calculate the speed of water in a pipe as it narrows.
  • Bernoulli's Principle
    • Developed by Daniel Bernoulli, this principle explains that the pressure exerted by a moving fluid is lower where its speed is higher.
    • The principle states that for a fluid in motion, the sum of its pressure, kinetic energy per unit volume, and potential energy per unit volume is constant.
    • The mathematical expression is given as P + ½ρv² + ρgh = constant.
  • Applications of Bernoulli's Principle
    • Carburetor: The air passage is constricted to increase air speed, which reduces pressure and helps petrol to vaporize.
    • Horizontal Pipe: In a horizontal pipe, the pressure is greatest where the speed is lowest (i.e., in the widest section).
    • Dynamic Lift: An upward force is created when the fluid speed above a surface is greater than the speed below it. This principle is applied in the functioning of airplane wings (aerofoils), the trajectory of a spinning ball, paint sprayers, and the Bunsen burner.

  These notes are comprehensive, neat, and printable, making them an excellent resource for students studying the dynamics of fluid flow. They are also highly suitable for teachers to use for lesson preparation, providing clear definitions, principles, diagrams, and practical applications of the concepts.

• File Size:

  558.26 KB
• Length:

  8 pages
• Category:

  Lesson Notes
• Level:

  Form 2
• Subject:

  PHYSICS
• Posted By:

  Caleb_Peter

Enter your details below to initiate a payment using MPESA.