Summary

• Description:

  The PDF document comprises Form 4 Biology notes on Support and Movement in Plants and Animals.

  The topics and sub-topics covered in the document include:

  • Necessity for Support and Movement
    • An introduction to why both plants and animals require support and movement to survive in their respective environments.
    • For plants, this includes anchorage, exposure to sunlight, and positioning of reproductive parts. For animals, it includes finding food, escaping predators, and locating mates.
  • Support and Movement in Plants
    • Describes the role of support tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and xylem.
    • Explains the distribution of vascular bundles in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.
    • Details how secondary growth in dicots provides additional support.
    • Covers adaptations for support in plants with weak stems, such as the use of tendrils and twinning stems.
  • Support and Movement in Animals
    • Types of Skeletons: Differentiates between the external exoskeleton found in arthropods and the internal endoskeleton of vertebrates, outlining the functions of each.
    • Locomotion in Fish: Explains how a fish uses its fins, streamlined body, slimy mucous, and myotomes (muscle blocks) to move through water. The function of the swim bladder in buoyancy is also covered.
    • The Mammalian Skeleton: Provides a detailed breakdown of the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs) and the appendicular skeleton (pectoral and pelvic girdles, and limbs). It includes specific descriptions of the different types of vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, etc.) and limb bones.
    • Joints and Muscles: Describes the different types of movable joints (hinge, ball and socket, gliding) and the three types of muscles (smooth, skeletal, and cardiac). It explains the principle of antagonistic muscle action using the biceps and triceps of the human arm as an example.
  • Practical Activities
    • Includes guides for hands-on laboratory work, such as observing prepared slides of plant stems, examining the exoskeleton of an arthropod, identifying the external features of a fish, and examining the bones of a mammalian skeleton.

  These notes offer a detailed and comparative study of support and movement mechanisms in both plants and animals. They are comprehensive, neatly organized, and printable, making them an excellent resource for students for revision and for teachers in preparing their lessons on this topic.

• File Size:

  286.10 KB
• Length:

  14 pages
• Category:

  Lesson Notes
• Level:

  Form 4
• Subject:

  BIOLOGY
• Posted By:

  Caleb_Peter

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