Summary

• Description:

  The PDF document comprises Form 4 Organic Chemistry II Notes, focusing on Alkanols, Alkanoic Acids, Detergents, and Polymers.

  The topics and sub-topics covered in the document include:

  • Alkanols (Alcohols)
    • Introduction: Definition, homologous series, general formula ($C_nH_{2n+1}OH$), and IUPAC naming.
    • Isomerism: Naming and drawing of both position and structural isomers of various alkanols.
    • Preparation: Laboratory preparation of ethanol through the fermentation of glucose using yeast enzymes.
    • Physical Properties: Examination of trends in melting/boiling points, density, and solubility, with explanations based on hydrogen bonding.
    • Chemical Properties: Detailed exploration of key reactions including combustion , formation of alkoxides with sodium , esterification with alkanoic acids , oxidation to alkanoic acids , and dehydration to form alkenes.
    • Uses of Alkanols: Common applications of methanol and ethanol, such as in fuels and as antiseptics.
  • Alkanoic Acids (Carboxylic Acids)
    • Introduction: Homologous series, general formula ($C_nH_{2n+1}COOH$), and IUPAC naming.
    • Preparation: Methods include the oxidation of alkanols in the lab and industrial processes starting from alkenes.
    • Physical Properties: Analysis of trends in boiling points, density, and solubility, noting their existence as dimers.
    • Chemical Properties: Reactions characteristic of acids, such as turning litmus red , reacting with metals to produce hydrogen , and reacting with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates to produce carbon dioxide.
  • Detergents
    • Soapy Detergents: Preparation through saponification of fats and oils , their cleaning action via hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads , and disadvantages like forming scum with hard water.
    • Soapless Detergents: Preparation from petroleum by-products , their cleaning action , and their environmental impact as non-biodegradable pollutants.
  • Polymers and Fibres
    • Introduction: Definitions of polymers, monomers, and polymerization, comparing natural and synthetic polymers.
    • Addition Polymerization: The process where unsaturated monomers join to form a polymer, with examples like polyethene, polychloroethene (PVC), and polypropene.
    • Condensation Polymerization: The joining of two different monomers with the elimination of a small molecule, illustrated by the formation of Nylon-6,6 and Terylene.
    • Rubber: Covers both natural rubber (a polymer of 2-methylbut-1,3-diene) , the process of vulcanization, and synthetic rubber.

  These notes are comprehensive, neat, and printable, making them an excellent resource for students preparing for their KCSE examinations. They are also highly suitable for teachers to use in lesson preparation, featuring clear explanations, illustrative diagrams, and numerous sample questions for revision.

• File Size:

  1.35 MB
• Length:

  83 pages
• Category:

  Lesson Notes
• Level:

  Form 4
• Subject:

  CHEMISTRY
• Posted By:

  Caleb_Peter

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