Summary

• Description:

  The PDF document comprises Form 3 Organic Chemistry I (Hydrocarbons) Notes.

  The document covers the following topics and sub-topics:

  • Introduction to Organic Chemistry
    • Definition of organic chemistry.
    • Unique properties of carbon (tetravalency and catenation).
    • Introduction to Hydrocarbons.
  • A. HYDROCARBONS
    • Classification of hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes.
  • I. Alkanes
    • Nomenclature: General formula ($C_{n}H_{2n+2}$), naming of the first ten alkanes.
    • Homologous series and its characteristics.
    • Alkyl groups.
    • Isomerism in alkanes and IUPAC system of nomenclature.
    • Occurrence and extraction: Main sources (crude oil, natural gas), fractional distillation of crude oil and uses of fractions.
    • School laboratory preparation from sodium alkanoates.
    • Properties of Alkanes:
      • Physical properties (solubility, melting/boiling points, density).
      • Chemical properties (Burning/combustion and substitution reactions).
    • Uses of alkanes.
  • II. Alkenes
    • Nomenclature: General formula ($C_{n}H_{2n}$), functional group (C=C double bond).
    • Isomerism in alkenes: Position and chain isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature.
    • Occurrence and extraction: Cracking of long-chain alkanes.
    • School laboratory preparation: Dehydration of alkanols using concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid or Aluminium(III) oxide.
    • Properties of Alkenes:
      • Physical properties (solubility, melting/boiling points, density).
      • Chemical properties:
        • Burning/combustion.
        • Addition reactions: Hydrogenation, Halogenation, reaction with hydrogen halides, reaction with halogen water, Oxidation, and Hydrolysis.
        • Addition Polymerization: Formation of polyethene, polychloroethene (PVC), polyphenylethene (polystyrene), polypropene, and polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE).
        • Natural and Synthetic Rubber: Polymerization of latex and vulcanization.
    • Test for unsaturation (C=C double bond).
    • Uses of alkenes.
  • III. Alkynes
    • Nomenclature: General formula ($C_{n}H_{2n-2}$), functional group (-C≡C- triple bond).
    • Isomerism in alkynes and IUPAC nomenclature.
    • Laboratory preparation of ethyne from calcium carbide.
    • Properties of Alkynes:
      • Physical properties (solubility, melting/boiling points, density).
      • Chemical properties:
        • Burning/combustion.
        • Addition reactions: Hydrogenation, Halogenation, and reaction with hydrogen halides.

  These notes are a comprehensive guide to the introductory concepts of organic chemistry, focusing on hydrocarbons as covered in the Form 3 curriculum. They are neatly organized, featuring clear explanations, structural formulae, and chemical equations that simplify complex concepts. The inclusion of diagrams for laboratory preparations makes the procedures easy to visualize and understand. These printable notes are an excellent resource for students for revision and preparing for KCSE, as well as for teachers in lesson planning and instruction.

• File Size:

  1.15 MB
• Length:

  61 pages
• Category:

  Lesson Notes
• Level:

  Form 3
• Subject:

  CHEMISTRY
• Posted By:

  Caleb_Peter

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