Summary

• Description:

  The PDF document comprises Form 2 Chemistry Carbon and Its Compounds Notes.

  The topics and sub-topics covered in the document are listed below:

  • Carbon and its Allotropes
    • Definition of allotropy and description of carbon's main allotropes: Diamond and Graphite, including their structure, properties, and uses.
    • Brief mention of Fullerenes and Amorphous Carbon (charcoal, soot, coke).
  • Chemical Properties of Carbon
    • Burning in air: The reaction of carbon with oxygen to form carbon (IV) oxide.
    • Reducing property: Carbon's ability to reduce metal oxides (e.g., copper (II) oxide, lead (II) oxide) and its position in the reactivity series.
    • Reaction with concentrated nitric (V) and sulphuric (VI) acids.
  • Carbon (IV) Oxide (CO₂)
    • Preparation: Laboratory preparation using calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid, including the purification and drying process.
    • Properties: Physical properties (colorless, odorless, denser than air) and chemical properties (acidity, reaction with limewater, and reaction with burning magnesium).
    • Uses: Applications in refrigeration (dry ice), fire extinguishers, and the manufacture of carbonated drinks.
  • Carbon (II) Oxide (CO)
    • Preparation: Laboratory preparation by the dehydration of methanoic acid or ethanedioic acid, and by passing CO₂ over heated charcoal.
    • Properties: Physical properties (colorless, odorless, slightly less dense than air) and its poisonous nature. Chemical properties include its combustion in air and its role as a reducing agent.
  • Carbonates and Hydrogen Carbonates
    • Natural occurrence of carbonates (e.g., limestone).
    • Reaction of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates with dilute acids to produce carbon (IV) oxide.
    • The effect of heat on various carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
  • Large-Scale Production of Sodium Carbonate
    • Extraction from Trona: The process used at Lake Magadi in Kenya.
    • The Solvay Process: A detailed description of the industrial manufacture of sodium carbonate, including raw materials, key reactions, and the recycling of by-products.
  • Environmental Impact of Carbon Oxides
    • The role of CO₂ in the greenhouse effect and global warming.
    • The poisonous nature of CO and its sources, such as vehicle exhaust.
  • The Carbon Cycle
    • A diagram and explanation of the processes that circulate carbon compounds in nature, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and combustion.
  • Review Questions
    • A comprehensive set of review exercises, including numerous questions from past KCSE papers.

  These notes on Carbon and Its Compounds are thorough, neat, and printable, offering a complete guide to the topic. The document is well-supported with clear diagrams of structures and experimental setups, flowcharts for industrial processes like the Solvay process, and numerous balanced chemical equations. This makes it an outstanding resource for students seeking to master the chemistry of carbon, and it is perfectly suited for teachers during lesson preparation and for students undertaking KCSE revision.

• File Size:

  1.67 MB
• Length:

  27 pages
• Category:

  Lesson Notes
• Level:

  Form 2
• Subject:

  CHEMISTRY
• Posted By:

  Caleb_Peter

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